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URBAN STAND DESTABILIZATION FACTORS IN THE CITY OF MOSCOW
E.G. Mozolevskaya, E.G. Kulikova,
N.K. Belova
DEPARTMENT OF ECOLOGY AND FOREST PROTECTION MOSCOW STATE FOREST
UNIVERSITY, MYTISCHY-5, MOSCOW REGION, 141005, RUSSIA
ABSTRACT
Moscow urban forests and amenity plantings arc exposed to heavy press of unfavourable
environmental conditions. Natural and anthropogenie factors
of urban plant sustainability destahilization in the
city of Moscow arc discovered.
The problem of pests and diseases in urban plant
ecosystems as one of the most significant issue in the process of their desturbing is discussed. Pests and diseases complex
features as well as the most harmful species are discrihed.Obtained
data can be used for planning ot
pest control strategy under the urban conditions.
INTRODUCTION
Moscow urban forests and amenity plantings carry out
exclusively important functions providing environmental protection as well as
architecture- and landscape-forming role. They represent the conglomeration of
natural ecosystems and mainly artificial plant units functioning in urbanaized environment: They include diffrent
types of plant stands: elementary and complex street plant areas, square
gardens, parks and the Natural Park. They are exposed to heavy press of unfavourable anthropogenie and
natural factors.
The main anthropogenie desturbing factors are chemical, physical and biological
pollution ot atmosphere and
soil. their abnormal temperature and water regime, abscence ot soil litter,
additional lighting at the night, mechanical injury, high recreational press,
etc.
The main natural factors ot
woody planting destabilization and decreasing of their decorative piopu'ties and ecological 1 unctions
are unfavourable weather and climate laclois including disasters, relatively old age ot plants causing losses ot their
sustainability, complex of pests and diseases showing ability to term outbreaks.
THE ISSUE
Research collective ot the Department ot
Ecology and Forest Protection of the Moscow State Forest University during last
20 years holds investigations on trees and shrubs - assosiated
urban ecosystems of the city of Moscow. They involve investigations on
ecological condition features of different stand types, anthropogenie
and natural stress factor role and dynamics.
As a result of research the principal data on natural
and anthropogenie factors of urban plant
sustainability destabilisation in the city of Moscow
was discovered as well as the scale of their influence.
The problem ot
pests and diseases in urban plant ecosystems as one of the most significant
issue in the process of their desturbing is discussed
here.
PESTS AND DISEASES COMPLEX CHARACTERIZATION
Specific pest comlex is
formed in Moscow urban environment. This specificity can be explained by the
different ecological situation due to different types of urban stands (plants).
It also depends on kind of wood species, the type and age of ornamental stands,
their contents and structure, the development of soil litter etc. It is
reflected in the diversity of species comets of dendrofagous
fauna and pathogenic fungi, density of insects and disease spraed.
Ecological complexes of pests may be devided into two distinctively different groupes. The first are those which mostly occur in
different types of urban complicated plants (stands) the ecological condition
of which are drawing nearer to natural conditions (parks, man-made forests and
National Park). Pest and pathogen species diversity, species content and
structure are richer here, but they seldom reproduced in large quantities and
are almost not harmful.
Another group involves species which mostly iccur in variouse elementary
types of urban stands, for example, street plant areas. Street plants of
different types are influenced to a great extent by unfavourable
urban invironment factors. Insects, adapted to unfavourable urban conditions and first of all to air
pollution prevail in them. They often have preventive covers consisting of wax
secretions and scales (aphids and scale insects), of leaves (leafrollers) and leaf epidermis (miners) and tissues
(gall-forming insects and mites). Other groups of insect pests (such as
leaf-eating, bark-beetles etc.) are less represented. Species content of tree
and shrub pathogens is also much less in these conditions. Urban environment
pollution causes supression of insects and pathogens
living on the open surfaces of plants as a result of direct contact. Night
light and specific wind regime in urban areas very often determine features of
spreading and migration some of insect species Number of urban buldings makes better conditions of species over-wintering
on the stage of adult. Urban underground communications, destrurbing
soil-hydrological conditions, deficiency of planting nursing and cultivation
may serve as additional stress-factors and predispose plants to weakening and
to insects and pathogen infections.
THE MOST HARMFUL SPECIES
Species content of identified pests and diseases is
very diverse and numerous. At the same time it is very specific. There are many
factors influencing on their specificity. The most important of them are
peculiarity of urban plant environment, urban landscape features and diversity
of urban environment with various types of anthropogenious
unfluence. Structure, type of plantings, plant
species content and other factors determine importance and domination of
separate pathogen and pest species and complexes. It can be illustrated by some
examples.
Through other ecological groups of pathogens only few
have wide distribution. So one of the most widely spread in urban ecosystems is
the group of twigs, branches and trunk cankers and diebacks. Some of these
diseases have epiphytoty character recent few years
in Moscow. They are Dutch elm disease (Ophiosioma ulmi) and the disease caused by the fungus Thyrostroma compactum Sacc. that affects mostly lime.
Both of these two woody species (lime and elm) have very wide distribution and
play significant role in urban forestry of Moscow, because of their unique
decorative properties. That is why these diseases are very harmful to the urban
plantings. Very detailed research on the problem of Dutch elm disease and Thyrostroma canker were held at the Department by Dr. E.S. Sokolova and Dr. E.P. Kuzmitchev.
Pathogen life cycles, development features and epiphytoty
character were described during last ten years.
The most important arthropod groups in pest complex
are the groups of leaf-eating insects (defoliators). miners
and gall-forming insects and mites. Some species are characterized of ability
to very rapid density rising and outbreaking. Through
leaf-eating species they are gypsy moth (Lymanlria dispur L.), some leaf rollers species (Tortrix
viridana L., Archips crataegana Hbn.), poplar leaf
miner (Lilhocolletis populifoliella
Tr.) and larch needle miner (Coleophora laricella Hb.). The outbreak of Yponomeutidae moths (Lepidopiera)
are observing during recent two years.
It is nescssary to underline
the importance of sap-sucking pests in Moscow urban environment. They arc able to increase density and to establish population
rapidly due some biological and ecological peculiarities, such as presence ot scales (scale insects) or wax secretions (aphids) or
ability to multiply reproduction during the vegetation season (aphids, mites),
or very close connection with plant tissues (scale insects) and others. In
Moscow urban areas, the most widely spreading and harmful species are some
scale insects (Lepidosaphes ulmi,
Chionaspis salicis L., Parthenolecamum corni Bouche.), lime aphid - Eucallipterus
ulmi L., lime spider mite - Schizotetranichus
telarius L. and some others.
High degree of damage is peculiar to those insect
species which arc able to transfer plant diseases. Through the insects
associated with plant diseases in Moscow Region., it is possible to separate
species associated with Dutch elm disease (bark beetles Scolytus
scofylus F., S. multistriatus
March.. S. pigmueus
F.) with poplar wood-decaying and declining
processes (Aegeria apiformis
Cl. - Sessiidae), with virus diseases (aphid group,
including shoot aphids).
CONCLUSION
All these and some other urban pest peculiarities can
be used for planning of strategy and tactics ot pest control under the urban conditions. It
demands to provide long-term continuose monitoring,
further development of population dynamic forecasting models, improving ot preventive and active control
measures.
REFERENCES
1. Belova N.K. 1982. Species
content structure of foliage and shoot pests in decorative stands of Moscow
region. //In: Proceedings of Moscow State Forest-Technical Institute (MSFTI),
№ 177. pp. 11 - 16.
2. Belova N.K., Nykolaevskaya N.G., Poletaeva
C.I. 1987. Gypsy moth in urban stands (it the city of Moscow.
// In: Proccedings ot Moscow State Forest-Technical Institute. № 188. pp.19 - 24.
3. Belova N.К., Nykolaevskaya N.G. 1988. Biological peculiarities of the
gypsy moth in urban stands of the city of Moscow. //In: Gypsy Moth:
Results and Perspectives of the Investigations. Materials on the Project of the
Second National Programm:"The Man and Biosphere
(MaB)", Krasnoyarsk, IF&W SD AS of USSR. - p. 7 - 8.
4. Belova N.K. 1990. Dangerous shecies ot phyllophagous in ornamental stand of the city of Moscow. In:// Proc. MSFTI. No. 224, pp. 58 - 64.
5. Belova N.K. 1990. Urban Stand pests. In//Forest protection, Moscow, № 8,
pp. 37 - 38.
6. Kulikova E.G. 1984. Coccoidcs of urban plants of the city ot Moscow and Moscow Region. - In The
Proceeding of the Moscow Forest-Technical Institute. Vol.
156. pp. 86 - 91.
7. Kulikova E.G. 1986. Features of coccoides distribution in
urban woody stands. - In : "Ecology and
Forest Protection". - Leningrad, pp. 36 - 40.
8. Kulikova E.G. 1995. Pest and disease complexes specificity in Moscow urban areas.
- In: Proceedings of XX World IUFRO Congress, Abstracts, Tampere, Finland, p. 345
9. Kulikova E.G. 1996. The
ways of pests penetration into urban plantings. - In:
Journal of Urban Community and Ecology, Moscow, vol.2, pp.6 - 8
10. Kulikova E.G. 1996. Anthropogenic factors influencing on pest complex formation in
different types of Moscow amenity planiings. -
In: Proceedings of International Conference held at the WSFU. Moscow, vol. 1,
pp. 152 - 155
11. Kuzmichev E.P. 1987.
Dutch Elm Disease and its control in urban stands. In:
Proc. MSFTI № 188. - p.p. 39 - 44.
12. Kuzmichev E.P. 1994. Structure, content and biocenotic role of
dendrotrophic fungi in forest communities and urban
ecosystems. - In: Doctor's Thesis Moscow. - 1994. - 53 p.
13. Mozolevskaya E.G, Belova N.G., Kuzmichev E.P. 1992.
The role of dendrophyllous entomofauna and phytopathological
fungi in functioning of phytocenoses in the city of
Moscow. In the book: "Ecological investigations in the city of
Moscow and Moscow Region". Moscow, pp. 117 - 124.
14. Mozolevskaya E.G., Sokolova E.S., Kuzmichev E.P., Belova N.K., Kulikova E.G. 1996. Urban plant sustainability desturbing
factors and strategy of their protection measures in urban forestry of the city
of Moscow. - In: Proceedings of MSFU "Ecology, monitoring and
rational use of nature". Moscow, vol. 283, p. 37 - 64.
Печатная версия опубликована:
Тезисы выступлений на "The 3rd international conference on the development of forestry and wood science/technology" September 29th - October 3rd, 1997. V. 1. - P. 343 – 346.
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